The aim of the article is to assess the potential consequences for the population of Ukraine, which has been living under wartime conditions for an extended period, based on an analysis of existing scientific literature on the effects of chronic stress on cellular and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. This article examines the impact of chronic stress and war-induced anxiety on the formation and development of cancer cells. The biological and cellular mechanisms by which stress contributes to carcinogenesis are highlighted, including hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increased levels of cortisol and adrenaline, impaired immune response and increased inflammation. A review of international studies and meta-analyses over the last seven years demonstrating the association between stress and increased cancer risk in different populations is presented. Special attention is paid to extrapolation of the data to the situation in Ukraine, taking into account the peculiarities of the military conflict and socio-economic conditions. Prevention and support strategies are discussed, including psychological care, psychosocial interventions and the role of volunteer organisations. Emphasis is placed on the need for a multidisciplinary approach and further research to develop effective cancer risk reduction measures in the context of military stress. The article is particularly relevant because in war conditions, populations experience high levels of chronic stress, which can have serious health consequences, in particular contributing to the development of cancer. Stress through neuroendocrine and immune pathways affects cellular processes, in particular proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, which may contribute to the development of cancer cells. In Ukraine, where more than 30% of the population is experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder, the situation is exacerbated by the shortage of health services due to military action. This increases the risk of developing cancer due to lack of or inadequate early detection of tumors and limited access to treatment. Forecasts indicate that cancer incidence could increase by 10–15% in the coming years, placing additional demands on the medical system. To minimize the negative impact of stress on health, it is necessary to implement comprehensive measures, including psychological support, health care modernization and interventions aimed at reducing stress and post-traumatic stress disorder. Particularly important are mental health programmes that include cognitive-behavioural therapy, as well as recovery of cancer services and early diagnosis. Consequently, the integration of psychological and medical support, as well as research to develop adaptive prevention and treatment strategies, is needed to reduce cancer risks in war settings.

chronic stress, carcinogenesis, cancer, post-traumatic stress disorder, war in Ukraine

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