Numerous clinical studies have established that smoking has a harmful effect on human health including diabetes mellitus. The aim is to assess the peculiarities of health changes among citizens of Ukraine under the influence of a harmful factor, thanks to a simultaneous questionnaire and in-depth medical examination for further improvement of diagnostics and stratification of the degree of risk of developing various diseases and timely appointment of adequate therapy.

Materials and methods. Among the laboratory tests, the following were determined: blood glucose level, IR marker – Нoma index, which were determined on an empty stomach, in the morning, the last meal was 12 hours before blood donation. Determination of the results of indicators was carried out using chemiluminescence analysis. Reagents: Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland). Analyzer Cobas 8000 | ProCobas 6000 |Cobas 411 (Switzerland). Statistical data processing was carried out using a software package. The relationship between quantitative indicators was carried out using Pearson’s correlation analysis (r ). Statistical probability was estimated by the parametric Student’s t-test. The difference was considered probable at p<0.05. The relationship between quantitative and rank indicators was carried out using variance analysis, the Fisher coefficient (F).

Results. A register of respondents was created - adults (men and women) who were under the influence of a modified factor that is a trigger for the prevalence of such conditions as insulin resistance and hyperglycemia; prediabetes, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), etc. Answers related to smoking were converted from rank indicators into quantitative indicators. Through prospective observations, during the research, it was established that 47.5% consumed tobacco products in one form or another (not often - 15%, moderately - 12.5%, quite often - 7.5%, extremely often - 12.5%). A reliable relationship between quantitative indicators was also confirmed using Pearson’s correlation analysis (rs) between the level of glucose and the IR Нoma index (r=0.444, p=0.004), which once again confirms that the IR Нoma index increases due to the increase in glucose, and the prerequisite for this can be serve: age-related changes in the body’s hormonal balance, a passive lifestyle, weight gain and the presence of a bad habit, namely smoking. For the first time, the relationship between quantitative and rank indicators was established using variance analysis: between the level of glucose and smoking (F=2.757; p=0.043), between the level of IR Нoma index and smoking.

Conclusions. As a result of the implementation of the pilot project, it was established that 47.5% of respondents smoke, of which 7.5% very often, 12.5% extremely often. In the course of the implementation of the pilot project, a register of respondents participating in the study was created. The relationship between quantitative indicators was also confirmed, one of which is the relationship between health status and smoking (rs=0.428; p=0.005). For the first time, the relationship between quantitative and rank indicators was investigated using variance analysis: between glucose level and smoking (F=2.757; p=0.043). Thanks to the transformation of the measurement scale, the dependence of the IR level on the Нoma annealing index was established for the first time.

smoking, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, Homa index, cardiovascular diseases, state of health

1. Mallol J, Urrutia-Pereira M, Mallol-Simmonds MJ, Calderуn-Rodrнguez L, Osses-Vergara F, Matamala-Bezmalinovic A. Prevalence and determinants of tobacco smoking among low-income urban adolescents. Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology 2021 Jun 134(2):60-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2021.0018

2. Tymchenko O, Serdiuk A, Omelchenko E. Henofond i zdorovia naselennia: znachennia shliubnykh mihratsii [Gene pool and population health: the importance of marriage migrations]. Kyiv: IHME AMN Ukrainy; 2002. 79 p. Ukrainian

3. Smoking cessation: a report of the surgeon general. Washington: United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health.; 2020. 700 p. NLM WM 295.

4. Wu L, Wang X, Dong JY, Zhao YT, Lou H. Smoking cessation, weight gain, and risk for type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. International Journal of Public Health 2022 Apr 1467. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604654

5. Jenssen BP, Karavite DJ, Kelleher S, Nekrasova E, Thayer JG, Ratwani R, Shea J, Nabi-Burza E, Drehmer JE, Winickoff JP, Grundmeier RW, Schnoll RA, Fiks AG. Electronic health record-embedded, behavioral science-informed system for smoking cessation for the parents of pediatric patients. Applied Clinical Informatics 2022 Mar13(02):504-15. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748148

6. Edstorp J, Lampousi A, Carlsson S. Parental smoking, type 1 diabetes, and islet autoantibody positivity in the offspring: a systematic review and meta–analysis. Diabetic Medicine 2022 Mar 29 https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14830

7. Bar-Zeev Y, Haile ZT, Chertok IA. Association between prenatal smoking and gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2020 Jan135(1):91-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000003602

8. Morales-Suбrez-Varela M, Peraita-Costa I, Perales-Marнn A, Llopis-Morales A, Llopis-Gonzбlez A. Risk of gestational diabetes due to maternal and partner smoking. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022 Jan 1419(2):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020925

9. Chi Y, Wang X, Jia J, Huang T. Smoking status and type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive analysis of shared genetic etiology and causal relationship. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022 Feb 1813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.809445

10. Sia HK, Kor CT, Tu ST, Liao PY, Wang JY. Association between smoking and glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a retrospective matched cohort study. Annals of Medicine 2022 May 1654(1):1385-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2075559