Target. From the standpoint of public health, analyze scientific literature data and terminology related to various hypostases / manifestations of malady.
Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign publications devoted to terminological issues of assessing various aspects of the incidence of the population.
Results. The state of research concerning various aspects of the concept of "disorder" in the scientific domestic and foreign literature has been determined. A review of the scientific literature revealed a lack of theoretical provisions on this topic that could be generalized, compared and contrasted. In everyday English, the use of concepts to describe malady (disease, illness, sickness, etc.) is often seen as arbitrary, and in the scientific field, they are the subject of professional discussions. For Ukraine, the analysis of malady terminology is new. The designation of the space for the use of certain terms is important, since the study of various aspects of the malady involves the use of various methods of collecting information, interpreting the data obtained, conclusions about ways to overcome disorders, etc. The definition of malady is not only a theoretical issue: it is important for medicine, social policy and the health care system in general. For public health, which is the most socially oriented branch of medicine, it is extremely important to take into account not only the purely biomedical (disease), but also the social (sickness) aspects of the disorders, as well as its self-esteem (illness).The combination and interrelation of various hypostases of the disorders included in the Twaddle triad is considered, a comparative analysis of its components has been carried out. The relevance of the analysis of the morbidity of the population and the justification of the most effective health-improving measures determines the advisability of taking into account various hypostases of ill health, and given the multidisciplinary nature of public health, the involvement of specialists in various fields.

public health, objective and subjective health, the concept of disease, morbidity of the population.

1. Yew Vivien W.C. and Noor A. M. Аnthropological Inquiry of Disease, Illness and Sickness. J. Social Sciences and Humanidies. 2014 ; 2 (9) : 116-124. URL : https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33344837.pdf

2. Nordby H. Medical Explanations and Lay Conceptions of Disease and Illness in Doctor–Patient Interaction. Theor Med Bioeth. 2008 ; 29 : 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-008-9080-2

3. Van den Bergh O., Winnie Devriese St. and van Diest I. Learning Subjective Health Complaints. Scand. J. of Psychology. 2002 ; 43 (2) : 147-152. URL : https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00280

4. Gourbin C. and Wunsch G. From Prevention to Cure Which Policies for Primary Care? Bulletin de la Classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques. 2005 ;16 (1-6) : 99-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/barb.2005.23700

5. Nordenfelt L. The Concepts of Health and Illness Revisited. Med Health Care Philos. 2007 ;10 : 5–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-006-9017-3.

6. Kocot E. Jak mierzymy zdrowie? Zarys historii i metody pomiaru. Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarz№dzanie. 2015 ; 13 (4) : 304–315. (in Polish) URL : www.ejournals.eu/Zdrowie-Publiczne-i-Zarzadzanie

7. Waller G. Self-Rated Health in General Practice: A Plea for Subjectivity. British Journal of General Practice. 2015 ; 65 (632) : 110–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp15X683833

8. Boyd K.M. Disease, Illness, Sickness, Health, Healing and Wholeness: Exploring Some Elusive Concepts. Med Humanit. 2000 ; 26 : 9–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/mh.26.1.9

9. Wills J. and Naidoo J. Foundations for Health Promotion. Elsevier ; 2016 : 340 р. URL : https://www.elsevier.com/books/foundations-for-health-promotion/naidoo/978-0-7020-5442-6

10. Cho J., Martin P., Margrett J., MacDonald M. and Poon L.W. The Relationship Between Physical Health and Psychological Well-Being Among Oldest-Old Adults. Journal of Aging Research. 2011. 605041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/605041

11. Wel K., Dahl E. and Thielen K. Social Inequalities in “Sickness”: Does Welfare State Regime Type Make a Difference? A Multilevel Analysis of Men and Women in 26 European Countries. International Journal of Health Services. 2012 ; 42(2) : 235–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.42.2.f

12. Monden C. Subjective Health and Subjective Well-Being. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Ed. by Michalos A.C. Springer, Dordrecht ; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3957

13. Bennett K.M. Social Engagement as a Longitudinal Predictor of Objective and Subjective Health. Eur J Aging. 2005 ; 2(1) : 48–55. URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5547672/

14. Viljanen A., Salminen M., Irjala K. et al. Subjective and Objective Health Predicting Mortality and Institutionalization: an 18-Year Population-Based Follow-Up Study Among Community-Dwelling Finnish Older Adults. BMC Geriatr. 2021 ; 21 : #358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02311-w

15. Pinquart M. Correlates of Subjective Health in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Psychology and Aging. 2021 ; 16 (3) : 414–426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.3.414

16. Forward S. State of the Art Report on Life Quality Assessment in the Field of Transport and Mobility. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute. Linkoeping; 2003. URL : https://www.academia.edu/7421178/

17. Johnston D.W., Michae C.P. and Shields A. Comparing Subjective and Objective Measures of Health: Evidence from Hypertension for the Income/Health Gradient. Institute for the Study of Labor. 2007 ; No2737 : 34 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.982154

18. Araъjo L., Teixeira L., Ribeiro O. and Paъl C. Objective vs. Subjective Health in Very Advanced Ages: Looking for Discordance in Centenarians. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018 ; 5 : 189. URL : https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00189

19. Eisenberg L. Disease and Illness Distinctions Between Professional and Popular Ideas of Sickness. Cult Med Psych. 1977 ; 1 : 9–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00114808

20. Marinker M. Why Make People Patients? Journal of Medical Ethics. 1975 ; 1(2) : 81–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.1.2.81

21. Wikman A., Marklund S. and Alexanderson K. Illness, Disease, and Sickness Absence: an Empirical Test of Differences Between Concepts of Ill Health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005 ; 59(6) : 450–454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.025346

22. Fotso J. C. and Kuate-Defo B. Measuring Socioeconomic Status in Health Research in Developing Countries: Should We Be Focusing on Households, Communities or Both? Social Indicators Research. 2005 ; 72 : 189–237. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-5579-8

23. Wahl H. W. The Many Faces of Health, Competence and Well-Being in Old Age. Integrating Epidemiological, Psychological and Social Perspectives. Berlin ; 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4138-1

24. Szaflarski M. and Cubbins L.A. Self-Reported Health in Poland and the United States: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic, Family and Socioeconomic Influences. Health. 2004 ; 8(1) : 5–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459304038793

25. Ahmad K., Jafar Th. and Chaturvedi N. Self-Rated Health in Pakistan: Results of a National Health Survey. BMC Public Health. 2005 ; 5 : 51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-51

26. Еriksson I., Undén A.-L. and Elofsson S. Self-Rated Health. Comparisons Between Three Different Measures. Results from A Population Study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 ; 30(2) : 326–333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.2.326

27. van Dijk A., McGrath P.A., Pickett W. and van den Kerkhof E.G. Pain and Self-Reported Health in Canadian Children. Pain Res Manag. 2008; 13(5) : 407–411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/419073

28. Pietiläinen O., Laaksonen M., Rahkonen O. and Lahelma E. Self-Rated Health as a Predictor of Disability Retirement – the Contribution of Ill-Health and Working Conditions. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011 ; 37(6) : 464–472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025004

29. Akdeniz E. and Koзoрlu Tanyer D. Altıncı Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Öz Bildirime Dayalı Sağlık Düzeyleri İçin Bir Belirleyici: Aile Sağlık Özellikleri. Hacettepe Ьniversitesi Hemєirelik Fakьltesi Dergisi. 2020 ; 7(1) : 31–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.715054

30. Porta M. and Last J. A Dictionary of Public Health. New York : Oxford University Press ; 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191844386.001.0001

31. Shattuck E. and Muehlenbein M. Human Sickness Behavior: Ultimate and Proximate Explanations. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015 ; 157(1) : 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22698

32. Rademacher L., Lasselin J., Karshikoff B., Hundt J.E., Engler H., Lange T. The Different Faces of Sickness. Front. Psychiatry. 2021 ; 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735337

33. Parsons Т. The Social System. Taylor & Francis e-Library ; 2005. URL : https://voidnetwork.gr/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The-Social-System-by-Talcott-Parsons.pdf

34. Hofmann B. On the Triad Disease, Illness and Sickness. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine. 2002 ; 27 (6) : 651–673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.27.6.651.13793

35. Hofmann B. Disease, Illness, and Sickness. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine. 2016 ; 2 : 16–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315720739.ch2

36. Seidlein A., Salloch S. Illness and Disease: an Empirical-Ethical Viewpoint. BMC Med Ethics. 2019 ; 20 (5) : 1–10. URL : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-018-0341-y

37. Lund Th., Christensen K., Vaez M., Labriola M., Josephson M., Villadsen E. and Voss M. Differences in Sickness Absence in Sweden and Denmark: the Cross National HAKNAK Study. European Journal of Public Health. 2009 ; 19 (3) : 343–349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn128

38. Jonsson R., Dellve L. and Hallerцd B. Work Despite Poor Health? A 14-Year Follow-up of How Individual Work Accommodations Are Extending the Time to Retirement for Workers with Poor Health Conditions. SSM - Population Health. 2019 ; 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100514

39. Aronsson G., Gustafsson K. and Dallner M. Sick But Yet at Work. An Empirical Study of Sickness Presenteeism. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000 ; 54 : 502–509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.7.502

40. Malinska M. Prezenteizm – zjawisko nieefektywnej obecnosci w pracy. Med. Pr. 2013 ; 64(3) : 439–447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.2013.0037

41. Suzuki Т., Miyaki К., Song Yі., Tsutsumi А., Kawakami N., Shimazu A. et al. Relationship Between Sickness Presenteeism (WHO–HPQ) with Depression and Sickness Absence Due to Mental Disease in a Cohort of Japanese Workers. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 ; 180(15) : 14–20 .DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.034

42. Lohaus D. and Rцser F. Millennials: Sickness Presenteeism and its Correlates: a Cross-Sectional Online Survey. BMJ Open. 2019 ; 30 ; Issue 9(7) : 1–11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026885

43. Kleinman А. Concepts and a Model for the Comparison of Medical Systems as Cultural Systems. Soc. Sci. & Med. 1978 ;12 : 85– DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7987(78)90014-5

44. Susser M. Disease, Illness, Sickness; Impairment, Disability and handicap. Psychological Medicine. 1990 ; 20(3) : 471–473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700016974

45. Mulrow C.D., Gerety M.B., Cornell J.E., Lawrence V.A. and Kanten D.N. The Relationship Between Disease and Function and Perceived Health in Very Frail Elders. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994 ; 42(4) : 374–380. PMID: 8144821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb07484.x.