Environmental factors as the reasons of thyroid gland pathology risk (analytical literary review, the second report)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2017.01.059Keywords:
thyroid gland, pathology, chemical environmental factors, mechanism of action, analytical reviewAbstract
Last time the diseases of thyroid gland attract a considerable attention. In a certain way it is connected with the fact that the gland actively responds to the geochemical state of the environment with the further occurrence of one or another diseases. Control of the diseases of such an origin is one of the important tasks of the World Health Organization and is highly relevant for Ukraine. Objective: We analyzed and systematized the anthropogenic chemical factors of the environment and the mechanisms of their effect as the factors for the development of thyroid gland pathology. Chemical (natural and anthropogenic) factors, affecting the development of thyroid diseases, are the most numerous among the exogenous ones. Heavy metals, persistent organochlorine pollutants, medical preparations, pesticides and agrochemicals belong to the chemical anthropogenic (technogenic) factors. Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, cobalt, mercury) preferentially inhibit 5'-monodeiodinase of liver of type I, disrupting the conversion of T4 into T3. Persistent organochlorine pollutants affect the thyroid gland through the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Some medicines can act as goitrogenic substances mainly disrupting a hormone synthesis (acetazolamide, sulfadiazine, sulfizoxazole, sulfonylurea anti-diabetic drugs). However, the other mechanisms may be realized. Mainly the pesticides don’t affect directly the thyroid gland, but disturb its functioning indirectly affecting the metabolism of thyroid hormone in liver. Pyrazole-carboxamide fungicides – succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors; oxazole, triketone, benzoylpyrazole and bicyclooctane herbicides – inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenilpyruvatdioxygenase, pyrethrins and persistent organochlorine pollutants –polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans, etc. act in such a way. The main mechanisms of the negative impact of the mentioned above factors on thyroid gland are violation of the transport and metabolism of the hormones; violation of the regulation of their synthesis and action; direct toxic effect on the gland; induction of autoimmune processes; violation of iodine absorption. Conclusion: Thus, our analysis shows that there are many anthropogenic chemical factors which affect a human daily and can adversely affect the human body, causing pathological changes in the thyroid gland. However, a potential risk of the influence of the majority of the factors is realized at their long-term exposure in the high doses/concentrations. Adhering to the recommended regulations of their safe use it is possible to prevent the creation of conditions for the realization of the mechanisms of the negative impact of mentioned factors.Downloads
References
1. Iodine status worldwide : WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency. Geneva : WHO, 2004. 58 p. URL : http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43010/1/9241592001.pdf
2. Liang Q.R., Liao R.Q., Su S.H. et al. Effects of lead on thyroid function of occupationally exposed workers. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2003. Vol. 21. P.111-113.
3. Wade M.G., Parent S., Finnson K.W. et al. Thyroid Toxicity Due to Subchronic Exposure to a Complex Mixture of 16 Organochlorines, Lead, and Cadmium. Toxicological Sciences. 2002. Vol. 67. P. 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/67.2.207
4. Paier B., Pavia M.A. Jr., Hansi C. et al. Cadmium inhibits the in vitro conversion thyroxine to triiodthyronine in rat brown adipose tissue. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997. № 59. P. 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900460
5. Barceloux D.G. Cobalt. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology. 1999. Vol. 37. P. 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-100102420
6. Boas M., Feldt-Rasmussen U., Skakkebakl N.E. & Main K.M. Environmental chemicals and thyroid function. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006. Vol. 154. P. 599–611. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02128
7. Sarne D. Effects of the environment, chemicals and drugs on thyroid function. In : Thyroid Disease Manager. 2016. URL: http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/effects-of-the-environment-chemicals-and-drugs-on-thyroid-function/
8. Ettingsen D.G., Efskind J., Haung E. et al. Effects of low mercury vapour exposure on the thyroid function in chloralkali workers. J Appl Toxicol. 2000. Vol. 20. P. 483-489.
9. Hallgren S., Sinjari T., Håkansson H. et al. Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroid hormone and vitamin A levels in rats and mice. Archives of Toxicology. 2001. Vol. 75. P. 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040000208
10. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Kocan A. et al. Industrial pollution by polychlorinated biphenyls and the thyroid status of adult and adolescent populations. Merck European Thyroid Symposium. 2000. P. 79-91.
11. Prummel M.F., Strieder Th., Wiersinga W.M. The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2004. Vol. 150. P. 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500605
12. Bogazzi F., Tomisti L., Bartalena L. et al. Amiodarone and the thyroid. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2012. Vol. 35. P. 340–348.
13. Luci S., Kluge H., Hirche F. et al. Clofibrate Increases Hepatic Triiodothyronine (T3)- and Thyroxine (T4)-Glucuronosyltransferase Activities and Lowers Plasma T3 and T4 Concentrations in Pigs. Drag Metabolism and Disposition. 2006.Vol. 34. P. 1887–1892. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.106.011379
14. O'Brien T., Silverberg J.D., Nguyen T.T. Nicotinic-acid-induced toxicity associated with cytopenia and decreased levels of thyroxin-binding globulin. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1992. Vol. 67. P. 465–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60393-0
15. Cayir A., Turan M.I., Esin I.S. An Examination of the Effects of Phenobarbital on Thyroid Function Tests in Childhood Epilepsy. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics. 2014. № 19. P. 71–74.
16. Khataminia Gh., Ostadian F., Noroozzadeh M. et al. Acetazolamide and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy; a Preliminary Tested Hypothesis in a Tertiary Referral Center. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation (MEHDI) Journals. 2013. Vol. 2(4). P. 109–112.
17. Güney E., Efe B., Kebapç M., Entok E., Erenoglu E. Effects of Second Generation Sulfonylureas on the Thyroid. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999. № 4. P. 173–176.
18. Bogazzi F., Tomisti L., Bartalena L. et al. Amiodarone and the thyroid. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2012. Vol. 35. P. 340–348.
19. Daniels G.H. Amiodarone-indused thyrotoxicosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001. № 86. P. 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.1.7119
20. Weetman A.P. Graves’ disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000. № 343. P. 1236–1248. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200010263431707
21. Bianco A.C., Salvatore D., Gereben B. et al. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocrine Reviews. 2002. № 23 (1). Р. 38–89. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.23.1.0455
22. Meek M.E., Bucher J. R., Cohen S. M. et al. A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2003. № 33(6). Р. 591–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/713608373
23. Mode of action of fungicides : FRAC classification on mode of action 2014 [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: – Title from screen. http://www.frac.info.
24. Mowery P.C., Steenkamp D.J., Ackrell B.A.C. et al. Inhibitors of mammalian succinate dehydrogenase by carboxins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2015. Vol. 178. P. 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(77)90220-X
25. Li Xiong, Yan-Qing Shen, Li-Na Jiang et al. Succinate Dehydrogenase: An Ideal Target for Fungicide Discovery. Discovery and Synthesis of Crop Protection Products. ACS Symposium Series Vol. 1204. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 2015. P.175-194.
26. Yuang S., Millar H.N. Succinate dehydrogenase: the complex role of a simple enzyme. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2013. № 16 (3). P. 344-349.
27. ЕРА: Pesticide Fact Sheet. Mode of access: http://www3.epa.gov. – Title from screen. http://www3.epa.gov
28. Рenthiopyrad [Electronic resource] / Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority 2012. Mode of access : – Title from screen. http://archive.apvma.gov.au/registration/assessment/docs/prs_penthiopyrad.pdf
29. Zarn J., Boobis A. Benzovindiflupyr : Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). 2013. Р. 3–38.
30. Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance bixafen. EFSA Journal. 2012. № 10(11). 2917[87 р.]. URL : – Title from screen. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/2917.pdf.
31. Yoshida M., Shah P.V., McGregor D. Sedaxane : Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). 2012. Р. 769–839.
32. World of Herbicides Poster / Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC). – Mode of access: - Title from screen. http://www.hracglobal.com
33. State of science of endocrine disrupting chemicals – 2012 / WHO ; UNEP. Mode of access: http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/endocrine/en/
34. Antonenko A.M., Blagais A.M., Vavrinevych O.P. et al. Mechanism of action of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor herbicide on homoterm animals and humans. Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research. 2015. Vol. 9 (2). Р. 148-153.
35. Opinion on the evaluation of mesotrione in the context of council directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market / European Commission: Scientific Committee of Plants, 18 July 2002.
36. Malenen B., Feldt-Rasmussen U., Skakkebaek N.E., Main K.M. Environmental chemicals and thyroid function. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006. Vol. 154. P. 599-611.
37. Finch J.M., Osimitz T.G., Gabriel K.L. et al. A mode of action for induction of thyroid gland tumors by Pyretrins in rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2006. Vol. 214 (3). P. 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.01.009
38. Hurley P.M. Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998. Vol. 106 (8). P. 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106437
39. Brucker-Davis F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 2009. Vol. 8 (9). P. 827–856.
40. Laji K., Rhidha B., John R. et al. Abnormal serum free thyroid hormone levels due to heparin administration. An International Journal of Medicine. 2001. Vol. 94 (9). P. 471-473.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Environment & Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
